A Polars LazyFrame provides an efficient way to handle large datasets through lazy evaluation. Unlike traditional DataFrames, LazyFrames don’t contain data but instead store a set of instructions known as a query plan. Query plans perform operations like predicate and projection pushdown, ensuring only necessary rows and columns are processed. LazyFrames also support the parallel execution of query plans, further enhancing performance. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll understand that: A Polars LazyFrame allows efficient data processing by storing […]

Python has a few important naming conventions that are based on using either a single or double underscore character (_). These conventions allow you to differentiate between public and non-public names in APIs, write safe classes for subclassing purposes, avoid name clashes, and more. Following and respecting these conventions allows you to write code that looks Pythonic and consistent in the eyes of other Python developers. This skill is especially useful when you’re writing code that’s intended for other developers […]

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Sorting Data With Python Sorting in Python is a fundamental task that you can accomplish using sorted() and .sort(). The sorted() function returns a new sorted list from the elements of any iterable, without modifying the original iterable. On the other hand, the .sort() method modifies a list in place and doesn’t return a […]

Interactive Quiz ⋅ 7 QuestionsBy Philipp Acsany Share In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of sorting in Python. By working through this quiz, you’ll revisit how to sort various types of data in different data structures, customize the order, and work with two different ways of sorting in Python. The quiz contains 7 questions and there is no time limit. You’ll get 1 point for each correct answer. At the end of the quiz, you’ll receive a total score. […]

The pyproject.toml file simplifies Python project configuration by unifying package setup, managing dependencies, and streamlining builds. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how it can improve your day-to-day Python setup by exploring its key use cases, like configuring your build system, installing packages locally, handling dependencies, and publishing to PyPI. By the end of this tutorial, you’ll understand that: pyproject.toml is a key component for defining a Python project’s build system, specifying requirements and the build backend. Dependencies and optional dependencies […]

Python string concatenation is a fundamental operation that combines multiple strings into a single string. In Python, you can concatenate strings using the + operator or append them with +=. For more efficient concatenation, especially when working with lists of strings, the .join() method is recommended. Other techniques include using StringIO for large datasets and the print() function for quick screen output. By the end of this video course, you’ll understand that you can: Concatenate strings in Python using the […]

The new year has brought a flurry of activity to the Python community. New bugfix releases of Python 3.12 and 3.13 show that the developers seemingly never sleep. A new type of interpreter is slated for the upcoming Python 3.14 as part of ongoing efforts to improve Python’s performance. Poetry takes a giant leap toward compatibilty with other project management tools with the release of version 2. If you’re interested in challenging yourself with some programming puzzles, check out the […]

Interactive Quiz ⋅ 6 QuestionsBy Philipp Acsany Share In this quiz, you’ll test your understanding of Python Keywords. Python keywords are reserved words with specific functions and restrictions in the language. These keywords are always available in Python, which means you don’t need to import them. Understanding how to use them correctly is fundamental for building Python programs. The quiz contains 6 questions and there is no time limit. You’ll get 1 point for each correct answer. At the end […]

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: Exploring Keywords in Python Python keywords are reserved words with specific functions and restrictions in the language. Currently, Python has thirty-five keywords and four soft keywords. These keywords are always available in Python, which means you don’t need to import them. Understanding how to use them correctly is fundamental for building Python programs. By […]

Building an application to manage your to-do list can be an interesting project when you’re learning a new programming language or trying to take your skills to the next level. In this video course, you’ll build a functional to-do application for the command line using Python and Typer, which is a relatively young library for creating powerful command-line interface (CLI) applications in almost no time. With a project like this, you’ll apply a wide set of core programming skills while […]