If you’re not careful, you can end up with a private SSH key, AWS access token, or password embedded in your Docker image. That means anyone who access the image will be able to get that secret, and potentially use it to gain further access to additional systems. While you can and should take steps to prevent leaking secrets in the first place, it’s still useful to catch leaks if they do happen. If you can catch the leak before […]

Watch Now This tutorial has a related video course created by the Real Python team. Watch it together with the written tutorial to deepen your understanding: A Beginner’s Guide to Pip The standard package manager for Python is pip. It allows you to install and manage packages that aren’t part of the Python standard library. If you’re looking for an introduction to pip, then you’ve come to the right place! In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to: Set up pip […]

This tutorial will guide you through a fun project involving complex numbers in Python. You’re going to learn about fractals and create some truly stunning art by drawing the Mandelbrot set using Python’s Matplotlib and Pillow libraries. Along the way, you’ll learn how this famous fractal was discovered, what it represents, and how it relates to other fractals. Knowing about object-oriented programming principles and recursion will enable you to take full advantage of Python’s expressive syntax to write clean code […]

You’re stuck inside because of torrential rains—again! You wonder what the weather’s like in that faraway city where your friends from the Real Python community live. You’d rather stick around in your command-line interface (CLI) than look it up in your browser. If that sounds like a task you’d want to tackle by building a command-line weather app using only the Python standard library, then this tutorial is for you. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to: Build a functional […]

You have a large CSV, you’re going to be reading it in to Pandas—but every time you load it, you have to wait for the CSV to load. And that slows down your development feedback loop, and might meaningfully slows down your production processing. But it’s faster to read the data in faster. Let’s see how. In this article we’ll cover: Pandas’ default CSV reading. The faster, more parallel CSV reader introduced in v1.4. A different approach that can make […]

If you’re writing modern Python code with Python 3, you’ll probably want to format your strings with Python f-strings. However, if you’re working with older Python codebases, you’re likely to encounter the string modulo operator for string formatting. If you’re reading or writing Python 2 code, it’ll help if you’re familiar with this technique. Because the syntax still works in Python 3, you might even see developers use it in modern Python codebases. In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to: […]

Python is not the fastest programming language. So when you need to process a large amount of homogeneous data quickly, you’re told to rely on “vectorization.” This leads to more questions: What does “vectorization” actually mean? When does it apply? How does vectorization actually make code faster? To answer that question, we’ll consider interesting performance metrics, learn some useful facts about how CPUs work, and discover that NumPy developers are working hard to make your code faster. What “vectorization” means, […]